Ethical Issues in Education - 1046 Words

Ethical Issue A problem or situation that requires a person or organization to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical) Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to another. ~ G. K. Chesterton Indeed, education is an ongoing process. We are always receiving and passing it on, adding something in the process, sometimes even taking certain things, impertinent from time to time, away from it while passing it on further. However, the industry of education is a serious one, requiring well-defined ethics and values, well-bound in visible legal outlines to regulate its exchange and distribution. Let us take a brief look at some of the most common issues of†¦show more content†¦Racial inequality and ethnic differences have been an issue in public schools since the time public schools were founded. The foremost step towards addressing diversity in schools should come from the curriculum itself. Involving different ethnic sports and multicultural festivals at schools would mark the beginning of an attempt to combine students from diverse backgrounds into a bond of institutional unity. Moreover, including prominent historical annals derived from different ethnicity as part o f a collective study of world history would encourage students to get familiar with each others racial, cultural and ethnic differences. Rather than letting diversity come in the way of education, the importance of diversity should be upheld. Grading - Linking Parameters with Purpose: What do grades reflect? Rather, what should grades reflect? Should they just cover the academics? Then again, what, in academics should they reflect? Should grades be considered for assessing learning capabilities, information grasping prowess, discipline in meeting academic deadlines or all of these? Then again, should failure by a student to live up to these standards be considered as laxity on the student s part or should it be blamed upon the incompetency of the teacher? Should class participation be considered in overall grading? If so, then wouldn tShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues in Education Essay example1736 Words   |  7 PagesCode of ethics act as a promise to protect and support the safety of individuals in society, supports as a leading light it help the supporters of an occupation, resolve ethical problems and act as a protector the community. A code of ethics discloses and conserves the current viewpoint professionals on in what way to make ethical decisions. It stresses importance on obligation to moral values and vital beliefs. Application of a code of ethics helps us to guarantee that members of the professionRead MoreEthical Issues Of Education Organizational Structure Essay2354 Words   |  10 Pages Ethical issues in Education Organizational Structure Ethics are a set of principles that people use to decide what is right and wrong. Other words such as principles and morals are used concurrently when discussing ethics. Principles are major beliefs and rules that have a significant influence on the way things are done as well as relationships with others. Morals are principals of right or wrong behavior that are generally accepted by a society. With a basic understanding of these basic termsRead MoreHow Does Ethical Training Help Nurses Handle Difficult Ethical Dilemmas While Providing Quality, Patient Focused Care? Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesHow does Ethical Training Help Nurses handle Difficult Ethical Dilemmas While Providing Quality, Patient-Focused Care in Nursing? 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The intent of Howe and Miramontes (2014) is to raise the level of thinking about ethical issues and difficultRead MoreTaking a Look at Special Education879 Words   |  4 Pages Special education is an ethically and politically complex area of professional education (Paul, French, Cranston-Gingras, 2001). Critics have claimed that special education does not benefit student with disabilities and should be renounced for ethical reasons (Gartner Lipsky, 1989). Others assert that special education is unethical because it stigmatizes and segregates minority students and violates the rights of children (Grossman, 1998; Granger Granger, 1986). On the other hand, proponentsRead MoreEthics Case Study: Clinical Psychologist Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pagesclinical psychologist is faced to ethical dilemmas of teaching a class that he is not competent in teaching, as well as a conflict of interest with the department chair that understands his dilemma, but wants him to abandon his principles and compromise ethics. American Psychologist Association (APA) developed ethical principles and codes to assist psychologist when they are faced with ethical d ilemmas. Utilitarianism and Kant’s Formalist Theory are two models of ethical reasoning the psychologist canRead MoreCase Management Ethical Issues Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper will first discuss briefly what ethics are and provide the definition for an ethical issue. An ethical leadership issue is identified and explained for this author’s practice area. We will then identify and discuss key strategies for leadership that are pertinent to the ethical issue. Next, empirical evidence which supports the strategies discussed will be analyzed. Then, the impact and importance of the strategies will be stated. The final step will be to provide a conclusion toRead MoreEthical Issues Faced by the Accountancy Profession Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesaccounting ethics are not adhered to. Codes of ethics are adopted to ensure the reliability, comparability and integrity of financial statements. Ethical standards exist to safeguard the fundamental principles of accountancy and recognize threats to these principles so judgement can be made to resolve ethical dilemmas. However an accountant frequently faces ethical issues due to their work and not always stays vigilant to the manipulating influences on their judgement. Abdolmohammadi, M., Fedorowicz,Read MoreEthical Issues Regarding Information Technology1638 Words   |  7 PagesEthical issues regarding the use of information technology are changing rapidly in our advancing modern society. Historically information technology had seen limited applications and impacts on society in general. More recently, however, this has been changing as information technology has become a part of nearly every business, and personal activity. I will discuss how Information technology has brought about significant societal ethical changes. Users of technology in society and business todayRead MoreEthics In Adult Education650 Words   |  3 PagesEthics in Adult Education Susan Imels article Ethical practice in adult education provides an overview of a number of salient areas of concern regarding ethics in adult education (1992). Because it is focused predominantly on administration, the article can be considered a companion piece to Chapter 8 of Adminstering Successful Programs for Adults: Promoting Excellence in Adult, Community, and Continuing Education (Gailbraith et al 1997). The author considers the inherent challenges facing

Surrealism, And A New Mode Of Pure Expression - 1562 Words

What is surrealism? Surrealism is a â€Å"revolution,† pure psychic automatism, â€Å"an attack of conscience,† and a â€Å"new mode of pure expression† according to its founder Andrà © Breton. In his highly controversial texts, â€Å"Manifestoes of Surrealism,† Breton exposes us to this new term he coined along with his colleague Philippe Soupault in homage to Guillaume Apollinaire, someone whom they believed had followed the discipline, and he explains the phenomenon in detail so that more can become aware and utilize the technique. Drawing heavy influences from Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx, Breton reveals to us the limitless opportunities of surrealism and how it frees us from everyday reality, similar to how the exoteric texts challenged us to question our beliefs. I The first â€Å"Manifesto of Surrealism† was published in 1924 succeeding dadaism, an art movement of the European avant-garde often regarded as the movement that brought forth postmodern art. At the time of its publication, Europe was still reeling from World War I and art was very much political. Breton and other surrealists wanted to break free from the conventional art if the times and express the imagination as revealed in dreams. Thus, the â€Å"Manifesto of Surrealism† came about in which Breton discussed the importance of merging dream and reality. In Breton’s view, one can learn to ascend to perception of a higher reality (the surreal), or more reality, if one can manage to liberate one’s psyche from traditional education, theShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Dadaism on Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism1175 Words   |  5 Pagesof Dadaism on Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism When the groundbreaking philosophers of psychology, Sigmund Freud and Karl Jung, presented the world with their ideas about the subconscious, they prompted a surge of human introspection. The idea of an unexplored, and perhaps unknown self, lurking beneath the social faÃÆ' §ade intrigued and tortured many artists who began to shift their focus from the outer world to more personal struggles. Many of the earliest purveyors of this new approach wereRead MoreSurrealism Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will examine the relationship between surrealism and artist film, cinema and gallery work. An art film is a motion picture originally created for a confined audience as opposed to a mass market. Art films provide opportunities to display unique conventions independent from mainstream film.They’re clear differences between the two movements film presents a clear purpose of action opposed to the social realism style often seen in art films where the focal points are the imagination andRead MoreRene Dali s The First Days Of Spring1457 Words   |  6 PagesWhen people think of surrealism, they usually imagine various objects and ideas twisted into something unimaginably arbitrary. Of course, almost all artwork is subjective, but surrealism can be especially difficult to grasp. Often, surrealist paintings look too random and abstract to have any meaning; it may even seem that the artist disregarded intelligence. However, surrealist work signifies many aspects of the artist’s unconscious thoughts. Salvador Dali’s, The First Days of Spring, is categorizedRea d MoreContemporary Art And Artistic Practices1465 Words   |  6 Pagescritics who focus their attention on the aspect of social usefulness of the art practices, characterized by an increase of art projects that emphasize participation, dialogue and community engagement to activate the public sphere attempting to offer new social models to live together; appear like a leitmotif along the theory and history of art of the 20th century. One of the focal points in the development of artistic practices during the 20th century has been directly related to the idea of autonomyRead MoreEssay on Surrealism and Salvador Dali2128 Words   |  9 PagesSurrealism and Salvador Dali   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surrealism is defined as an art style developed in the 1920s in Europe, characterized by using the subconscious as a source of creativity to liberate pictorial subjects and ideas. Surrealist paintings often depict unexpected or irrational objects in an atmosphere or fantasy , creating a dreamlike scenario ( www.progressiveart.com 2004). The word Surrealism was created in 1917 by the writer Guillaune Apollinaire. He used it to describeRead More Words and Images in Faulkners As I Lay Dying Essay3612 Words   |  15 Pagesverticals and horizontals -- Faulkner actually facets, like a cubist painting, the design of this book. That is why it is so difficult to speak of theme in As I Lay Dying. Here we have a work of fiction that comes remarkably close to being an exercise in pure design, a true tour de force, a cubist novel (93). Faulkners text clearly manifests various cubist techniques -- collage, flattening, multiple perspectives, fragmentation, and passage of planes. Cubist painters, such as Cezanne, Matisse, PicassoRead More Impressionism bridge between past and future Essay2073 Words   |  9 Pagescolour and brush, daub[ing]a few patches of paint on it at random, and sign the whole thing with their name†. Manet, although never truly an Impressionist by style, he led artists including Monet, Degas, Renoir, Pisarro, Sisley and Cezanne, in a new artistic direction. This young group of artists, who had no real connection to each other until one critic lumped them together as â€Å"Impressionists†, banded in a time when their country was in turmoil and would leave the world the greatest collectionRead MoreArtwork is Not Art Because of Theory3370 Words   |  14 Pagesquot;culturatiquot;, or high society members whose thoughts and actions are under the spot light at all times, to get their work noticed. These individuals like the newest of the new because it gives them a form of social status which separates them from the rest of society, and by all means if they can understand the newest modes of fashion and discuss them intelligently, all for the better. quot;The Boho Dancequot;, as Wolfe calls it, occurs because it is the quot;culturatiquot;-who tend to be theRead MoreA Brief Introduction to American Literature3396 Words   |  14 Pageslike to take the colonial period also as the first part to introduce. Chapter 1 Colonial Period  ©Ã‚ ¥ A Utilitarian Literary period (1) Background This period is unique in American literature, and the literature in this period is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism. The first settlers came to America with the wish to  ¡Ã‚ °purify ¡Ã‚ ± the religious practice in the church, because they left Britain for the reason that they were religiously and politically persecuted. Therefore, they were calledRead MoreIwc1 Literature, Arts and Humanities Essay10028 Words   |  41 Pagesand observation, rather than theory. Which of the following would best describe a spontaneous, unstructured, creative, passionate reaction to art or culture? Dionysian A detective who gathers clues in order to make sense of a crime is using which mode of study? Inductive Reasoning Working from the specific to the general in attempting to draw conclusions. The study of the creative and intellectual contributions of human cultures. Humanism The creative and intellectual contributions of humankind

Synopsis of “The Corporation” Free Essays

Sypnosis Sypnosis of â€Å"The Corporation† The documentary, â€Å"The Corporation† was written by Joel Bakan, Mark Achbar, and Jennifer Abbott. It starts off by describing corporations as jig saw puzzles, saying that if one piece of it is removed or lost, it will not function properly. The documentary describes that everything in a corporation has a place and a common purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on Synopsis of â€Å"The Corporation† or any similar topic only for you Order Now It states that everything and everyone works together for a common end. Corporations are then compared to â€Å"monsters† trying to obtain as much profit as possible. In the film, corporations are defined as â€Å"one form of business ownership† and as â€Å"a group of individuals working together to serve a variety of objectives. † A corporation’s most important objective is profit and it will not let anything stand in its way of getting it. The documentary explains how the Civil War and the Industrial Revolution created enormous growth in corporations. Corporate lawyers started to realize they wanted more power. The 14th amendment was passed to give every â€Å"person† equal rights. This amendment was meant to free slaves, but corporations manipulated it in a way to apply to capital and property. Corporations were given rights as â€Å"special persons’ that were designed to be concerned only for their stockholders. All they want is to make as much money as possible at any given time. To corporations, there is no such thing as enough profit. All of them are designed to complete certain characteristic to deliver results as soon as possible. The characteristics of corporations are callous concern for the feelings of others, incapacity to maintain enduring relationships, reckless disregard for the safety of others, deceitfulness: repeated lying and conning others for profit, incapacity to experience guilt, and failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors. These faults of corporations have put life of all species in a constant decline. Most CEO’s of corporations do not realize the bad that their companies are doing to the world. Many have not even been to the sites of their main actories to have the opportunity to see the horrible conditions of workers. Corporations manipulate our minds through media to buy their products starting at a young age. It is a terrible thing for them to do, but unfortunately it works. Most children start begging their parents for toys they see on television at a very young age. Parents seem to give in as their children explain that they just â€Å"have got to haveà ¢â‚¬  the new toy. Towards the end of the documentary, it starts to reveal some real life situations where corporations have tried to break the law. It shows when the RGBH hormone was being put into milk without consumers knowing the true health issues it could cause. Another corporation was trying to charge citizens in Bolivia a fourth of their income for water, even though they only made two dollars a day. In order for Coca-Cola to continue making money during Hitler’s dictation, they came out with a new drink called Fanta Orange. They continued to make millions of dollars even while millions of people were being killed. During the same time, IBM, along with other United States corporations were trading with Germany to make profits during the Holocaust. Many corporations have grown global and the government has lost total control over them. Capitalism has become the new â€Å"high-priest† of all systems. In order to have more power, industries and the government work together. As everyday people we do not realize how the things we do can harm our environment. Even just doing our jobs can be hurting the people around us, depending on the companies we work for. The best thing to do is if you do not agree with the actions of a corporation, then stand up to them or do not buy or use their products. How to cite Synopsis of â€Å"The Corporation†, Essay examples

Research Project

Question: Write an essay on research project. Answer: The purpose and objective of this research project is exploring and understanding the challenges faced by the project managers in effective development of the construction project purpose and the way these challenges are managed. Determining or developing the project purposes is one of three stages in the definition process of project, which also include translation of purposes into specific criteria to assess alternative solutions or designs and to generate concepts for alternate design. Project purposes are determined by the key stakeholders of the project, who are intended to succeed the project to fulfil the individual needs and values. When these needs and values are properly understood and determine the purpose of the project, then only the design solutions can be generated. This research explores and reports the management of creation and change of purpose in the complex construction projects. There is hardly any research done on the purpose development dynamics in the construction industry and also development of purpose. Even though there is some research is done, it is conceptualized as a development act, instead of discovery. This research project conceptualizes the project purpose development through active participation and group dialogue by the key project stakeholders. The research project discusses and describes of how best these group dialogues are structured, shaped and facilitated. Significance of Project The research is approached from the primary and major project management prospective having a specific and clear focus on the building facility projects. According to the Project Management Institute (1996), a project is defined as a temporary endeavour to create a unique service or product. The consideration and objective of the project management is to be the primary means towards implementation of the organizational strategy (Grundy 1998, Kenny 2003). Organizations does function through strategy disciplines, processes, structure and projects and they depend and influence among each other towards performing (Van Der Merwe 2002). Projects are considered to be unique work units that implement the strategies and policies of an organization. Hence, the project management role is to become increasingly significant in the key areas, developing and executing the strategies of the organizations and project delivery. The construction projects are well linked with the strategic mission and vision of any respective organization, directly. Construction projects the direct means to support the organizational goals, as far as the physical facilities and organizations owner or operators are concerned. Construction organizations face challenges fo new demands on the physical facilities, consistently. The facilities owners reshape the designing ways and get their work practices organized that eventually impacts the physical facilities performance, directly. Horgen et al. (1999) and Lambert et al. (2000) emphasize the workplace strategy importance. The real estate facilities are viewed as business strategy by-product that demand maintenance as well as the occasional upgrading, in many companies. These real estate facility strategies are to be aligned with directives, company-wide and objectives of service or business units. The present focus over the workplace strategic importance on the issues, like workplace efficiency, user satisfaction in terms of the work environment, workplace productivity and workplace cost management. The emerging discipline, related to the Facility Design and Management is drawn based on the existing theories, like planning, design, architecture, behavioural science, management, accounting and finance (Teiholz 2001). This multidiscipline field has been exploring and developing and creating the relevant knowledge, in terms of how best organizational strategy can be supported through the physical facilities design and management. The research conducted poses the following questions, with regards to purpose development effective management. What are the implications of the construction project management? And specifically, the research problem focused is, Research Issues Summary Adaptive management processes are required in complex project organizations to support project purpose. Project manager supports the shared understanding of the group, learning and dialogue by facilitation and design of process of group. Purpose development can use purpose iterative cycle approach for solution development. Context for the Research The research is focused in understanding the implications of the project manager, who develops the purpose in the project environment that is complex. The study provides new management insights for the same. The project managers challenges are described, while stakeholder purpose development. It uses a method of case study to reveal how purpose of project can eb framed by the stakeholders, process evolvement, impact of the overall project definition. To answer the research questions, qualitative research study is developed, according to the objectives as the following. To characterize project purpose development complexity and identify the problems or challenges faced by the project managers during the process of development. To characterize an effective management system towards demonstrating the necessary and collaborative capabilities towards project purpose development effectively. The research and study is conducted in the following phase of exploration. It includes three case studies examination that is based in university of California public educational institutions, Berkeley, to reveal managing project purpose in project definition complexity. Construction management research is an intersection of social and natural sciences. Two methodologies used here are interpretivist and positivist approach. The approach of positivist studies events and facts are established, adopting deductive method with and remain objective without researcher to have pre-conception. So, it has understanding limitation. The interpretivist approach includes study of events include observers events and thoughts. It is on the belief that one must interpret to understand the meaning (Love et al. 2002). It moves from specific observations to in-depth understanding creation about the study. In the research of construction, the central elements are people and so human activity is a significant study variable. So, this approach is used in the research. Qualitative approach is used in the study. This research uses the research method of case study, to understand the project purpose development dynamic nature and is qualitative research based on the society and also surveys, analyses, histories and experiments of information archival (Yin 2003). The research is on purpose development in construction projects with the objective of the way sof project purpose emerges from the processes of stakeholders that include project managers collaborative issues. Can the process of group be managed for aligning the interests of the stakeholders for common purpose pursuit? If so, what are the strategies of management? The following section consists of project purpose and definition theoretical background exploration, to identify the major and primary research developments, according to the management of the process. The next section structures the research in the learning theory and social collaboration realm. Then the next section consists the research methods implanted in this research study. Chapter Five consists of the exploration of the case studies and the respective findings analysis. The final section consists of summary of the findings of the research and also discusses the project management theory implications. The future research is then proposed for supporting the project managers in project purpose process meta-planning. The future directions fo the research are finally outlined. From the traditional practice by the planners and architects, project purpose in the construction management is extracted from client briefing, strategic facility planning, needs assessment, project programming and requirements processing. Project purpose and definition is also considered as prior process to final decision making for the investment (Kahkonen 1999). According to CII (Construction Industry Institute) (1995), based on the US, defines the project purpose and definition as one process to sufficient strategic information development for owners of facility towards addressing the risk that help deciding to go on committing the resources, so that the chances of the project success can be maximized. Feasibility tests are then conducted to determine the project objectives are met or not, with the resources available and with the operating environment constraints. Project purpose determination is the process that formalizes the closer and tighter relationships in between the organizations purpose and physical facility projects purpose. The facility needs here are tightly associated and coupled with the business case of the client, like providing learning environment for the students, by the education institution. Finally, the phase of project purpose determination identifies firstly, what the needs and wants of the stakeholders are, and secondly, defining the dependencies and differences between the needs and wants for developing a problem shared understanding and to develop the alternative solutions for the project subsequently. The acknowledgement of the project purpose determination significance has been growing, by the industry practitioners and researchers and many researchers (Kelly et al. 1992, Green 1994, 1999, Smith et al. 1998, CII 1999, and MacMillan et al. 2001) highlighted its importance. The project purpose determination process is initiated by many disciplines, client requirements processing and briefing, process re-engineering, design methodology, collaborative planning theory, value methodology, rational problem solving, strategic management, behavioural decision making, rational problem solving and architectural theory and programming, etc. The initiatives from management include, creating systematic requirements processing, re-engineering processes, creating systematic decision support methods, increasing transparency as well as improving the collaborative relations and improving stakeholder coordination. Managing the Project Purpose Process The project purpose process in the construction industry is subject to the continuous change conditions and uncertainty. The physical facilities needed to support the dynamically changing product and services of business processes and the organizational structures. The purpose of the project purpose determination includes determination of the property development, owner strategy, marketing, organization, capital investment, management, cost-benefit analysis, planning permission, property development and preliminary design. Since there are several perspective to manage, the projects purpose development will be complex. Project manager is responsible to bring all the stakeholders of construction to bring together in order to achieve common purpose, like the constructed facility development. The project team consists of distributed and multiple stakeholder groups. So, in the activity of the determining the project purpose, the key stakeholders include the facility owner groups, regulatory agencies and design specialists. The facility owner groups are the facility end users, specialists, who define the function of the owner, financiers, owner personnel approving the project and internal owner groups. Construction knowledge is provided by the design specialists. Environmental development knowledge and issues and the respective compliance issues of the technical code are provided by the regulator agencies. There may also be public interest groups interested to participate in the project. Figure: Project Purpose Stakeholder Groups Researchers, Barrett (1999), Anumba and Kamara (2001) emphasise the problems associated with the purpose determination of the project. According to them, the common barriers in the industry towards the project purpose definition process are insufficient time that is allocated for purpose of the project, inadequate invovlemnet of parties, relevant, inadequate owner perspectives considerations by the team fo the project, poor communication established and continued among these parties and inadequate change management in the requirements of the project. All these issues of management usually result in collective project values and needs misrepresentation, lost opportunities for creating innovative values for owners of facilities and stakeholders of project, group indecision and bounded rationality. The project manager is tasked to identify the processes or means, by which the resultant decisions for the purpose of the project would be collectively made by the groups of the stakeholders, where interests of multiple stakeholders have yet to be reconciled, the resultant process will be ill-structured and the purpose of the project stays to be ill-defined. According to Simon (1984), ill-structured problem is defined as a problem, for which the structure does lack proper and clear definition. The problem will then have unknowns related or associated with the means, which are set of decisions rules and process actions and ends, which is project purpose of the solution during the process of problem solving. The difficulties for the project manager to manage process of determining the project purpose, effectively, arise from the basic nature of complexity of the problem that has to be resolved, defining building facility purpose. According to the seminal work done by Rittel and Webber (1972), it illuminates that the design complexity and processes of planning that describe several problems related to design as so ill-defined and become complex and so they call them as wicked problems. Such problems and concerns are prevalent in the projects related to the construction, which consists of several stakeholders with competing and diverse interests. Multiple perspectives and paradigms interrelate as well as compete with each other in the development of the project purpose. Stakeholder groups and multi-faceted clients understand the purpose that is based over viewpoints, individually. Stakeholder groups consider own self-interests to operate. They rely on methods, tools and strategies, which are particular to background, experience and knowledge of the stakeholder. It is problematic for the project manager to manage the process for these perspectives, as interests of the stakeholders could conflict each other. Hence, it would be a great challenge for the project manager to manage the process of a common group, which includes interests of the diverse stakeholders. These interests are to be shared among the groups of the project and understood to determine the purpose and so the definition of the project. Project manager needs to understand the underlying paradigms, on which the project values and needs are to be established. These influences eventually determine or set up the main purposes of the project and relative constraints and so project definition. According to the suggestion of Rittel and Webber (1972), wicked problems can be best resolved by the argumentation and interaction by the group. Project manager has the job of managing the processes of collective groups to facilitate the interests voices that can lead to understanding sharing on the purpose of the project, ultimately, and also means for its satisfaction. Development of Purpose and the Research It is assumed that the determination of the purpose of the project is a social activity that requires the multiple stakeholder collaboration. This process could not be taken by the analyst alone. According to March (1983), purpose is described by the list terms, as goods, values, needs, wants, tastes, utility, preferences, goals, objectives, drives, wants and aspirations. Dialogue is an effective medium that helps expressing the desires, needs, intentions and wants by the stakeholders and the conflicts and differences of interest can be revealed. These expressions of interests will in turn provide shared understanding and to new and shared purposes development. the research is conducted for better understanding of dialogue management that the stakeholders do frame interests of them and the way the learning occurs. Ultimately, purpose of the project is constructed using the interconnected relationships, like project constraints, stakeholder values and needs. Purposes can be transformed as constraints and issues of project and understanding their relationships. This transition may go through several stats of definition and commitment levels or even advocacy done by the stakeholder groups of the project. For developing sense of development of the way the shared understanding of the purpose of the problem and solutions for the project is developed, by the team, frames must be understood, by which several members of team can structure the interests of them. According to Beach (1997), frame is defined as a mental construct that has elements, relationships among the elements, associated with certain situation of particular interest. According to Beach (1997) the frames may be formed within the constructs of the experience or expertise of the stakeholders. Frame analysis consists of study of several ways, the roles and problems of the stakeholders can be framed and it helps to allow them to criticize and aware of their roles. It is the responsibility of the project managers to facilitate the multiple stakeholders perspective sharing, to resolve the conflicting values and needs. The assumptions are to be queried to understand the interests of the stakeholders. Group learning processes are needed to be supported for adaptive and interactive management. Project managers actions can be referred by adaptive management and how the group processes are based on new realization issues in the group. Adaptive management helps to encompass, appropriate questioning and inquiry of assumptions of the stakeholders, stakeholder perspective facilitation and similar actions. Project manager needs to facilitate and it becomes a key to effective learning to the group. An adaptive process support reflecting the underlying assumptions of the group, according to the purpose fo the group and also leads to better alternative solutions creative development from innovative thinking for satisfying the interests that are individual an d collective. Project managers have need of methodologies that support in developing the basic purpose in complex construction projects, to understand the ways of emerging the project purpose from the groups that are collaborative. Project managers can manage the process of facilitation, once the emergence of purpose pattern is understood. This study is sought for identification of relevant and potential adaptive techniques that steer the creation of purpose effectively. Purpose Development The research is focused on how action of project management supports the project purpose development effectively. For detailed understanding of how the project purpose determination can be helped by the project management, the current purpose theory development must be examined. This chapter describes working project definition in relation to the theory of project management and concept of the purpose is clarified. Then the research of advocating project purpose is examined, as a generating process for value. Then the value management limitations are identified, as it is related to the development of the purpose. Then the issues connected to processing methodologies for systematic requirements for developing the purpose are examined. My argument over the need for integration of design process that are ignored by some of the methodologies is presented. Then the design theory thinking is incorporated, related to the complexity of the project purpose development. I have examined the research developments that are process based done recently, that sought to transparency improvement of the process of project purpose and definition. The benefits associated with usage fo the performance indicators of the construction project towards values and needs of the stakeholder management promotion in the definition of the project. Later, the importance and need for understanding the barriers of the organizations, which inhibit the project purpose and definition effectively and the finally, I have established the significance and need to understand the purpose and definition of the project as a part of collaborative learning process. Working Definition The research uses and adopts the model for project definition considered from Lean Project Delivery System. According to Ballard and Zabelle (2000), project definition is defined as the initial phase in the delivery fo the project and it consists of the following three modules. Determination of the purposes Translation of purposes into respective criteria for process design and product Generation of the concepts of design against the criteria and requirements are tested and developed. Figure: Project Definition Delivery Model (Source: Ballard and Zabelle 2000) According to the model, purposes will be transformed into criteria and the criteria becomes a translation to generate concepts by designers. From the perspective of the customer organization, purpose drives the criteria of the project and solutions of concept and hence the project delivery. And purpose is what the final project value delivery is determined, from the perspective of provider or stakeholder. It is important to explore how the purpose is originated from the facility stakeholder perspective. Development of Purpose and Customer Value The approach of the research of the project management is purpose development and project definition, based on the customer value. According to Womack and Jones (1996)d, ultimate customer only become the basis of value and the value can only be the meaningful, when it is expressed based on the service, product or both. According to Murman and Allen (2002), value creation is perceived to consist of three phases called identification of value, proposition and delivery of value. The basis of the framework is that the value can only delivered after identification and construction of the proposition of value. According to negotiation researchers (Fisher et al. 1991) , value identification is considered as interests and involves stakeholder identification with respective needs and values. Stakeholders are the ones, who have some stake or role in project and include producers, customers and interest groups. The values and respective judgements have dominant influence in the ways of transition of the purpose from needs to the requirements. Project manager then moves the process to the phase of proposition, where the stakeholder needs are considered together. It specifies the projects collective purpose and identifies the differences and dependencies among the stakeholders. This phase is sought for creation of alignment of stakeholder and their collective commitment towards the project. Purpose Based Value According to Ballard (2003), the one that enables the purpose realization is the value. Solutions will then be assessed by stakeholders, to be or not valuable, based on their perception of the solution for purposes fulfilment. The resultant value systems (Thomas et al. 2003) have influence over how the stakeholders and customer needs are construed and the ways of making the preferences, based on solution selection for satisfaction of the respective purposes. Checkland and Scholes (1999) developed an alternative approach for value management, based on the soft system thinking learning paradigm. This methodology is applied to facilitate learning to explore the needs and values of the customer. This process highlights the procedure for relevant issues identification and to learn the respective issues. It is necessary to share diverse perspectives of the stakeholders and make agreements on a collective project purpose. Development of Purpose and Needs Purposes are part of the values and needs of the organization that are expressed in policies and strategies that are ever evolving. The language terminology of the purpose, according to (March 1983), are described as values, goods, objectives, drives, aspirations, needs, preferences, utility, goals, and tastes. According to Altshuld and Witkin (2000), need is defined as a discrepancy that is measurable in between the desired status and current status for an entity. They identified the needs general levels, existing in the organizations, as in the following table. Need Level Target Groups Organization (Healthcare) 1 Direct products or service recipients delivered by the user Healthcare Patients 2 Groups or individual delivering products or services to the Level 1 Service Providers: Healthcare professionals 3 Inputs and resources into solutions for supporting levels 1 and 2 Products and services system, ex: facility of Medical building Understanding the operational and strategic needs in the capital facilities design domain becomes the basis for project purpose understanding. Considering the example of Healthcare services, the needs of the primary customers, patients of the organization are addressed in Level 1. Then the needs of the Level 2 pertain to the groups and individuals of the organization, tasked with delivering the services to the customers in the Level 1. The needs of Level 3 are surrounded to the resources, supporting Level 1 and 2 and they level within which, the professionals of construction operate normally. Green (1996) performs identification of the construction specialists dilemma that attempt for understanding the organization fo the facility owner. Construction professionals have the supporting role in the needs of the level 3, but 1 and 2 are needs of the primary organization that are to be satisfied. Construction professionals understand the client needs, through specific professional values and confined to within the project. Levels 1 and 2 focus loss could result in project definition process outcomes. Needs uncertainty is high, for the multi-faceted and larger organizations (Nutt 1993). Needs are changed in the dynamic environment, over time. It is necessary to look at timescales that vary, by the needs analysis, for implications identification for dynamic changes of the times. Nutt emphasizes the uncertainties consideration importance in the planning process of facilities. Advocating the planning separation from the design can refine decision behaviour, however, I argue that the design value is for project purpose verification. Consistent with the tough or complex design task nature, it becomes tendency of the designers to focus on the solutions (Cross 2001). It may result in problem definition acceptance prematurely, channelling into shaping definition of problem, through possible exploration. Design as a Process of Problem Solving From the previous discussion, it is understood that the problem of the client can be understood with alternative solution isolation and then provided to engineers and architects for adequate solution development. an alternative perspective can be adopted by another thinkers group, that I endorse, are, that design will be an integral activity for supporting the project purpose development. The project purpose determination process is approached by Macmillan et al. (2001), by design methodology understanding in the phase of the conceptual design. A structured framework is developed and verified by their research for supporting the design of interdisciplinary. A generic model including the terminology of framework that is based on tasks, activities, processes is proposed that support s project managers as design groups are managed by them. According to Lawson (1980), design is perceived as iterative process of synthesis, analysis and decision making. Analysis explores the relationships, in terms of patter from the available information and objectives classification, so is the organizing and structuring of a problem. Synthesis is considered as solution generation for a problem. Evaluation is suggested solution appraisal, against the objectives present in the phase of analysis.. at the design problem/solution state, decision is taken and then sequence of process is proceeded. Return loop do exist for most of the steps in process sequence. The design activity classification can support management to understand the design process and in action for coordination. Design can be viewed as a process of decision making, according to many researchers (Beheshti 1993, Manning Matter 1994, Ganeshan et al. 1994). According to Behshti, design management role is described as a accounting process for known constraints chain, design con straints, emerging from other design values, criteria, values, variable or prosperities interactions; unknown design variables impacts introducing uncertainty, alternative courses consequences of actions that interact atih the unknown or known decision factors. The constraints realization by designers is, there are competing and multiple performance criteria for satisfaction. According to the suggestion of Kalay (1999), the design paradigm, that is based on performance usage to assess the ways of designing to be carried out. Quality is possibly achieved from determination of performance evaluation objective of multiple criteria that comprise a satisfaction sum and design solution selection trade-offs subsequently. Design based on the performance is interrelated with function, context and form of the situation of the design that determines the proposed solution behaviour. Locating a project purpose is a challenge for project managers to address, especially, in the system of open society. The facility purpose may initiate from need level changes. Project managers have task to locate the purpose and to provide the solution. The challenge is in formulation of the purpose by the stakeholders and design of the solution to satisfy it. A wicked problem understanding information depends over the idea of one to solve it. It needs reasoning with the resolution to advance the problem understanding, to solve the problem. A problem exploration with solution in parallel can discover new issues that discount or validate the possible problem perception earlier. Project managers face the issues, like formulation of the problem, expressing the individuals purpose and then reconciling the interests conflicting among the stakeholders. There is a restriction of limited time and resources for the project manager, to develop purpose that limits the purposes and solution search. The manager is limited with the prediction in the future, like facility users, supporting services and structures of the organization, and the technology facility, each with uncertainties, as the way needs are changed with time. The project managers are usually, limited with changes prediction capacity. An argumentative process is advocated by Rittel and Webber for dealing the wicked problems, in understanding or problem and solution course emerges from the stakeholders, gradually. The following table identifies for design activity analysis from principal approaches identification. Description Rational Problem-Solving Social Argumentative Process Experimental Process Learning Designer Model Information to be objective reality processor Argumentation participants (Rittel) Practitioner Individually (Schon) Macro-level Problem decomposition to be ill-defined and ill-structured into well-defined and well-structured problem and then solve it Wicked, too tough or complex by an individual, to move to consensus Uncertain, unique value-laden problem, made by an individual converging to fitness Micro-level Analyse-generate-test-evaluate - Search Cycle: Issue support / denial by arguments. Entering a cycle of construction: frame-name-move-reflect Design Methods and Techniques Control mechanism and sub-processes formulation Construction and negotiation making, argumentative structure shown by rationale Openness to talkback learn by doing According to Rittel (1984), investigating is suggested as designing to be a process of argumentation; where beginning should be for developing procedures, rules and settings for argumentative process open-ending, understanding design as raising issues counter-play and dealing that raise new issues in turn. Process impacts can be understood necessarily at levels if group, individual and organizations for learning of procedures and structuring appropriate settings. According to Schon (1983), reflection notion allows the groups towards criticize and surface the tacit understanding, that are grown up over a group repetitive experience and also makes new uniqueness or uncertainty situation sense. The notion is also supported that problems solving has to include the perceptions of ones, who is tasked with problem solving. Process Protocols for Project Purpose and Definition According to GDCPP (Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol), the process is mapped into eight processes, ten phases and four broad stages, as in the following table (Kagioglou et al. 1909). The focus of the process re-engineering is on important key principles to improve the project delivery quality. These include (Kagioglou et al. 1999) full life-cycle of product, whole project view adoption, consistent process application throughout the life cycle of the project, progressive design fixity application, procedures of review and planning application by using coordination, stage gates, teamwork, stakeholder involvement and providing feedback finally or future projects learning. The protocol provides the project manager with a clear directive to manage the process of project delivery. According to the project purpose and definition, the phases of process have detailed deliverables on achievable for moving to following stages. However, it does not address the way of learning in group process and does not detail the complexity of purpose of project manager understanding. Industry research is focused on performance measuring of projects. CII (Construction Industry Institute) (1999), based with US, developed tool for project management to support the project purpose and definition phase. It shows PDRI (Project Definition Rating Index) for project predictability performance improvement. It is used by Gibson and Gebken (2003) to administer project purpose and definition workshops for participants. This tool allows the team of project to rate, quantify and assess the scope development level over projects, before initiating construction document development. Genn et al. (2003) based with UK, developed DQI (Design Quality Indicator) tool to improve the building design. Its conceptual framework consists the aspects of three, firstly quality considers building like construction, engineering and performance, next, issues incorporated by functionality, like access, use and space. Finall, Impact considers, like form and materials, charter and innovation, urban social integration and internal environment. The tool provides performance measuring methods, through feedback and perception capturing from the stakeholder, in terms of design quality. The tool creates a forum for value thinking and also stands as a mediator among end-users, customers, producers and designers. The tool is sought to complement and develop the KPI (Key Performance Indicator) (Egan 1998)for the construction projects, like satisfaction of client with product, service, product defects, cost predictability, time predictability, time of construction, cost of construction, profitability, productivity and safety. These indicators give useful variables for project development course for the project manager. Project managers can use them templates in the work routines, upon which discussions can be facilitated with stakeholders. Still, empirical research has to be done for understanding of how they foster groups shared understanding. This section addressed the project purpose and associated customer value relationship. Here, I identified the values and needs to be project purpose understanding basis. the principal research as purpose development support. Methods of systematic requirement processing can be traceable and transparent, during the determination of purpose and definition process, but has limitations in complex environments. Design activity integration is advocated with development of purpose. The understanding purpose process is complex, because of the organizational barriers, like process and organizational design and so is characterized in terms of wicked problem, with the basis of literature. The following chapter identifies the purpose development process, as an adaptive and complex process. after the learning issues in the complex system are reviewed, collaborative learning is proposed for purpose development. Systematic processes give structured framework to develop the requirements of the project, according to Kamara et al (2000), they are found to lack, when decision making organizational and human aspects is managed, in project purpose determination and project definition. Wicked problem identification existence is identified in design and planning processes, in the previous chapter. Uncertain and complex environments reveal the situations that can be messy or wicky for resolving and managing. Collaborative approach is an alternative approach for methods of traditional problem solving. My research hypothesis made for this study is, The project purpose emergence can be managed effectively by project purpose and definition understanding as an adaptive and complex process. In this research study, I present argument that the purpose development can be managed with learning and collaboration is needed for a project. The argument is advanced in this chapter for group learning and collaboration towards the project purpose development support. Collaboration Process Design is viewed as a collaborative, collective and community process, as found by Scrivener et al. (2000). The argument is supported by Bucariarelli (1998), considering the activity of the design as a social construction or process. According to Kalay (2000), collaboration is defined as an argument among the project manager, facility owner, regulatory agencies, design specialists and interest groups to share the abilities of them for achieving the projects larger objectives as a whole, defined by the stakeholders. Group processes importance is emphasized by various terms, cooperative, user-cantered, socio-technical, concurrent, participatory, community design, socio-technical, collaborative, etc. According to Booher and Innes (1999), consensus planning is both producing plans and arguments as well as about learning, experimentation and building of shared meaning. The collaborative capacity notion is central to take emerging opportunities advantage towards value creation in the phase of project purpose determination and definition. The collaborative design process is the first step to understand the project purpose understanding. The problems uncertainty and ambiguity is increased, without stakeholder interest facilitation adequately. Process criteria specified by them towards an effective collaborative process that involves relevant stakeholders. Participants are engaged in the common purpose and interest in the process is maintained. It is a self-organizing process, as it allows effective group work for functioning. The process challenges the status quo and assumptions, and is creative. High quality information is used, which is diverse and stakeholders representation. After the process explored the needs and interests of stakeholders consensus is sought. Project manager stands responsible to create collaborative conditions. The management style used for collaborative conditions fostering is a vital consideration for the project managers. Characteristics of both adaptive management and directive management approaches are described by Nishiguchi (2001) and Stacey (1999). The role of project manager for various complexity levels in the environment is illustrated as below. Figure: Styles and Complexity of Project Management (Source: Sracey 1999) Directive approachs decision making is a unilateral and top-down approach and is deployment of result information and functional skills. A directive management style stands good for low level complexity organizations; however, many organizations that owe operating facilities are built with higher complexity levels. So, adaptive management is required in such complex environments. The project managers will be able to learn as unfolded actions in such management style, along with new emerging issues (Graham Kruger 2002). Stakeholder entities are dependent among them for decision making and need interaction requirement to needs and values understanding for and by each other. The capability of the project manager to guide the process of group, is dependent on recognising and understanding ability of emerging purposes of project and for gaining feedback timely from the respective stakeholders. The adaptive approach makes use of relational skills, interactive processes in real-time, like commitment building, information based on process for developing an action that is meaningful. It is well supported by penetrable boundaries of organization and cross functional organization. It is an open ended approach and structure is organic, opposite to closed structure and mechanistic, emphasizing directive ap proach. According to the view of Cartier and Ruitenbeek (2001), an adaptive process manages changes of project on learning, based on group learning. Learning According to Argyris (1999), learning occurs after what is intended is achieved by the organization, and when identification of mismatch and correction and turned into a match. The extended process provide double loop learning, for determining how the goals and criteria are established and set of design of the original project are determined. The focus of the single loop learning is on changing actions. Thermostat model is a classic example for both single and double learning. The stakeholder purpose intentions are challenged in double loop learning. Governing variables usually include initial problem in purpose of client, stakeholder needs, team assumptions and project constraints. Learning the purposes and the relative constraints are resolved after determining by the stakeholders. The project managers challenge is in creating a group process with double-learning support. Figure: Project Purpose and Definition Learning Model The process of project purpose and definition is vital, as it helps to identify the constraints by the stakeholder groups, in the early stages and help analysing the implications to achieve project purpose. Constraints are relationships help enforcing and marinating the relationships of processes and objects in the context (Mayer et al. 1995). Clear project constraints understanding determine whether the purpose will be achieved or not by the stakeholders. These constraints are identified and judged to retain or removed to create better stakeholder value. Purposes are remained tested, when the constraints are unearthed. So, the project manager should have enough capability to reveal constraints and working is proposed with such constraints. Purpose as Group Development Emergent Product Complexity results emergent properties features, which are whole system properties, though are not the parts (Axelrod and Cohen 1999). Emergence behaviour arises from the parts interaction and cant be predicted only parts knowledge (Corning 2002). Emergence of purposes is based on the interactions of project manager group of facility owner, design specialists and remaining stakeholders. A key issue related to purpose understanding is the synergy, created by the collaborative process. the manager has to understand how the purposes do emerge from the stakeholder agents interaction in the system. This research includes control of project manager is understood as an effective facilitation, in terms of participation, interaction and dialogue promotion. The basic purpose premises are to be iterating continually by project management, based on incremental learning and feedback cycles by the group of the project. Purpose transition can be supported by the facilitative actions, from the need to requirement. Project variables changed by the purposes are defined further and the relationships are understood better. Purpose is propositioned start to emerge, after progressing to consensus by the stakeholders. The research assumption is that shared understanding can lead to problem purpose and definition more effectively, by planning group. Shared understanding is considered as a wider construct that describes group members mutual expectations and to the extent of teams to establish task common platform. Shared understanding is established by group language development (Cohen ORIAL MINING BUILDING PROJECT Initiation of Project The Heart Memorial Mining Building is UC Berkeley Campus and designed in 1908, by architect. It has four-story in 130,000 sq. ft. and reflects tradition of Beaux, so listed in Historic Places in National Register for history and architecture. a campus wide study performed in 1973 about the seismic safety revealed the condition of the building to be very poor rating for safety and needs seismic strengthening. Management conducted feasibility study to improve retrofitting and workplace program of building for seismic safety. Primary Stakeholder Identification The project management identified the stakeholders of the project, as in the following figure. The seismic retrofit feasibility study is conducted by the consulting engineering firm. The study phase presented PPG (Project Planning Guide) in 1994. Then the project is initiated. The purpose of the project is defined by the architect as further criteria exploration and development for seismic reinforcing, developing design concepts that are alternate respecting the building historic significance and evaluate the cost of the construction totally. The architect has undertaken the meetings with program committee established that comprise college of engineering members. New information is elicited through group interviews for confirming workplaces purpose, by the architect. The outcome is culminated with mission and vision statement. VISION The HMMB will become a place for sustaining, nurturing engineering education inspiring for the following century. MISSION To provide seismic upgrade and architectural design and programmatic needs balance To ensure that budget, scope and schedule of the project are met To represent the entire stakeholder group To reclaim buildings architectural heritage, according to the original architect intensions, by John Galen Howard Based on the evaluations performed by the architect, the main features are summarized with multiple concepts as the following table. CONCEPT RANKING ISSUES OF CONCEPT PERFORMANCE Initial Concept 5 Project goal rating to be fair to poor Less program area Less efficiency than the other concept, A Cost and gross area, greater than the concept A A 3 Project goal rating to be fair to poor Less program area Efficient concept after B Cost and gross area to be lowest B 1 Goal rating to be good to excellent Program area exceeding Efficient concept Concept with lowest cost C 2 Rating to be fair to good Less program area required and initial concept compatibility Lowest efficiency, because of mechanical basement to be inefficient Comparable costs to B D 4 Goal rating excellent mostly Exceeding program area Comparable efficiency with A, because of extra area of program Costly concept, for full and new basement Table: Multiple concepts of HMMB The project manager and designers team preferred the Concept B. But the team of project concerned about crossing budget and gone for further resolution and then produced a new scheme E for cost reduction, but is of poor performance. After it is presented to larger community of project, there is an overall negative reaction, as they felt that it destroy the historic character and fabric of the building. The college of engineering concerned about the issues of fund raising opportunities, as there are limited resources from the administration of the University. Hence, the project manager faced legal and political issues. Redesign The team has redesigned the concept, resembling mostly Scheme B that included shared lab concept and this concept is liked by the committee. Finally scheme B is accepted and budget augmented and the project was approved in 1997. Learning About Purposes The redevelopment phase rlated to the development of mission, vision, objective structure and goals provided the solid bassis for the designers to define the problem. The final value structure allowed stakeholders of the project to group dialogue development with which their soft and hard values are articulated. In project manager perspective, expanded values are developed in the confirmation stage of the project and became the basis for decisions during the construction and design phases. Alternative design options are evaluated using the objectives and goals laid out in the confirmation report of the program. The goal driven approach is used by the design team and got benchmark that was effectively used for merits determination of initial design that led to process of re-design and selection of the final concept design. The design team assessed the chosen concepts with some questions, like is the design stands within the program requirement boundary? Is the design promoting historic preservation? How are electrical and mechanical systems affected by the proposed special configuration? How the structural scheme does impacts the fabric of the building? Creating Learning Dialogue for Constraints The HMB case study shows the significance of the reveal of the constraints. The main constraint is the historic preservation and got major impact to the final design scheme. Limited preservation was the assumption to carry out the initial design work. At the outset, project management has not experience the preservation on other buildings of the University. Testing of how well the goals of preservation can be met was unexplored until then. The initial assumptions of preservation goals that ware limited, have become ultimately, a contentious issue among the project stakeholders. Testing fo the alternatives have brought risks related to legal and political. The search by the designer, for alternatives evaluated performance impacts range acros the assosciated criteria of budget, function, preservation satisfy structural integrity form and schedule of the project to a lesser extent. Here, preservation is considred as an enabling constraint on the barrier or project that depends on the interest of the stakeholder. Preservation is viewed as an enabler and conservation advocates perceived then the buildings historic character is maintained. If the preservation is considered as a barrier, purposes of project are impacted, for instance, the structural solution would not be viable, as it has got impacted on the buildings fabric that is existing. According to the project manager, once the values of preservation are identified properly and incorporated into the brief of the project, then stakeholders embraced and convinced with it as important as a goal to be fulfilled. The testing performed for the alternative concept schemes shown the ways to understand how constraints fo the stakeholders could be impacted on the purpose of another stakeholder. Case Study Conclusion The study of HMMB project has shown the insights into the purpose determination of the project, for a building facility. Finally the project was completed in 2003 and gained high value in the community. Though project costs are higher than the original budget, the general consensus of the project is that the purpose of the project is fulfilled. The research is conducted for the implications faced by the project managers in the construction management to determine the purpose of the project, by coordinating the needs and values of various and diverse stakeholders in the project. The project has specific focus on the construction projects. Research questions are presented, in terms of project purpose as the implications of the project manager. Research direction and approach are discussed, using which the research is conducted. The literature review is conducted for significance of the project purpose and definition, managing the processes of project purpose, development of the project purpose and based on customer value, purpose based value, development of the needs based purposes, design importance in the purpose development. the project performance indicators are addressed and then collaboration and learning processes are explored in the development of the purpose. Finally, a case study is conducted for the Heart Memorial Mining Building Project. The report is concluded with the findings that the values and needs of the stakeholders become the key points and aspects to define the purpose of the project, which is considered to be a social activity. Justifying all the needs and values in usually, spread in multiple dimensions and sometimes contradicting to each other would be a challenging task for the project manager. 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Lean Enterprise Value: Insights from MITs Lean Aerospace Initiative. Palgrave. New York. Nishiguchi, T. (2001). Coevolution of Interorganizational Relations. in Knowledge Emergence: Social, Technical and Evolutionary Dimensions of Knowledge Creation, Nonaka, I., Nishiguchi, T., Oxford University Press, New York. Nutt, B. (1993). The Strategic Brief. Facilities, 11(9) 28-32, MCB University Press, Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. Pea, W.M., and Parshall, S.A. (2001). Problem Seeking, An Architectural Programming Primer. 4TH Edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc., NY, USA. PMI Standards Committee (1996). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. Slyva, Project Management Institute. Rittel, H.W.J. and Webber, M.M. (1972). Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Working paper no. 72 - 194, University of California, Berkeley, CA. Rittel, H.W.J. (1984). Second Generation Design Methods. In Developments in Design Methodology, Cross, N. (ed.), 317-327, J. Wiley Sons, Chichester, UK. Simon, H. A. (1984). The Structure of Ill-structured Problems. in Developments in Design Methodology, N. Cross (ed.), 317-327, J. Wiley Sons, Chichester, UK.

Assessment Policy - Barnet and Southgate College free essay sample

The responsibility of the assessor is to carry out and agree assessments on learners, in accordance with any award criteria that is set out. They are responsible for supporting the learner through the end-to-end process of learning, including agreeing the best assessment methods to use, to an agreed plan, and giving constructive and developmental feedback in a timely manner. Any feedback given should include what has been achieved to date, and what is required next, leading up to the next assessment.It is the responsibility of the assessor to ensure that all data relating to the learner is help in a safe and secure environment and shared only with the consent of the person to whom the data relates to, in accordance with the Data Protection Act (1998).It is the responsibility of the assessor to review all progress with the learner and employers, if necessary, in a timely manner, and to any agreed standards that may be in place. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment Policy Barnet and Southgate College or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is also the responsibility of the assessor to make any candidate aware of any appeals process that is in place, and who they would need to speak to if they disagreed with any assessment decisions, or outcomes that they received during the learning process.It is also the responsibility of the assessor to maintain occupational competency within each area of their role, where it is required, and maintain levels of standards alongside other assessors. This is possibly done by maintenance of a Continued Personal Development (CPD) plan, that assessors are responsible for maintaining, to show their level of continued competency within any specialised area. Part of the assessment cycle is for assessment planning, which assessors are responsible for, and must deliver, in accordance with the assessment criteria, timescales and methods agreed with all individual learners. As well as supporting individual learners through the learning process, assessors are responsible for attendance at any meetings, and to maintain any internal records of achievements for the learners within the guidelines that have been set by employers and the awarding organisation if necessary.

Anglo Saxons essays

Anglo Saxons essays According to the Venerable Bede, the first significant body of Germanic settlers in England had been hired as mercenaries by the British Prince Vortigern during fifth-century struggles for power among British Celts that broke out when Roman colonial troops were withdrawn. After a falling-out with their employer, these Germanic warriors seized British territory in the south of England for themselves and brought their families over the English Channel to settle it. Archaeological evidence also reveals a gradual infiltration of Germanic peoples into England along the rivers of east central England, then a low-lying bayou country that would have been impossible to police. Bede tells us that the Germanic settlers came from Anglian and Saxon regions of continental Europe, within the modern territories of Holland, Southern Denmark, and Western Germany. The settlers brought with them, in their heads, an extensive body of lore encoded in alliterative verse, including versified laws as well as historical and legendary narratives. Some of the settlers could use a runic alphabet to carve brief messages, mostly on wooden sticks, but writing was not used for Old English historical or literary material until the conversion to Christianity, when manuscript technology entered from Rome and Ireland. Old English literature includes a number of works based on native Germanic legend, including the remarkable Beowulf, a complete epic peopled by half-Christian Germanic warriors. The interweaving of Christian elements with native Germanic materials in this work is so thoughtful and intricate that the two cultural strands are very difficult to unravel. Other epic poems in native style use imported Christian narratives. Two of the best, by a poet named Cynewulf, have heroic female protagonists. As in Celtic saga, representation of gender roles in Old English narrative may seem quite strange to a modern reader. In Beowulf, for example, Queen Wealhth...

Titanic - The Unsinkable Ship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Titanic - The Unsinkable Ship - Research Paper Example Before going into the details of the famous and tragic Titanic disaster, let’s first plunge into the history of the Titanic ship. Titanic is the ship that grabbed the attention of the whole world, when it was made, and when it sank (Molony). The 1950's version of the Titanic's sinking, "A Night to Remember', and the latest 1997’s version of James Cameron’s Titanic, are the masterpieces that detail the shipwreck. Ambekar (para.1) writes that, â€Å"Titanic was one the greatest ship built in twentieth century.† It was of such great strength that it was believed to be unsinkable. It was the largest ship ever made, â€Å"stretching a sixth of a mile from bow to stern, standing ten stories high from its keel to the top of its four funnels and displacing over 45,000 tons†, writes Barczewski (1). It was an ostentatious and grand ship, known as the British passenger ocean liner, and was owned and driven by White Star Line (Eaton and Haas). Thomas Andrews, t he head of Harland & Wolff design department, was the designer of this 882.5 feet long ship. Commissioned by White Star and built by Harland and Wolff, it was created between 1908 and1909 in Belfast (Ireland), by more than 15,000 Irish shipyard workers. It is said that at that time, every worker was paid nearly $10 per week. Titanic was called unsinkable because of its strong structure. It had double bottom. The hull, whose number was 401, was divided into sixteen waterproof compartments. The structure of the ship was such that it could support the ship to stay floating, even if two of its middle compartments, or four of the front compartments, submerged under water and got flooded. Interior Design Now, let’s talk about the interior decoration of Titanic. Registered in Liverpool and belonging to the Olympic class of the White Star Line, the ship offered a luxurious lifestyle to its passengers, though it was far away from land. It contained all kinds of entertainment facilities, dining halls, pubs, dancing floors, living rooms, and massive kitchens. Equipped with four 400 kilowatt electrical generators, the Titanic ship had a plentiful supply of electricity. The passengers had the facility of separate rooms, and they could use electric heaters and electric lamps. The deck offered all kinds of continental foods, thus increasing the lavishness on the ship. The food was stored and refrigerated properly. Special areas had been dedicated to indoor games. A fully furnished gymnasium was also present in which the passengers could do their daily exercises. Passengers could use lifts for moving inside the ship. There was proper ventilation in the ship, due to which proper airy conditions were maintained. Passengers could use telephones to communicate. Radios were also available

Effective Team and Performance Management Essay - 1

Effective Team and Performance Management - Essay Example But that was just a start of the many lessons that I learnt concerning working in a group. The process of team formation was a unique experience as I had to work with people I did not know neither had interacted with before. Thinking back on the way that the team initially got together, I can clearly understand why Tuckman (1965:87-89) developed his four step model. The very first thing we had to do was select a leader, and since all of us were quite uncomfortable and held back a little, Hana who was the first to break the silence and quite seemed to be directing the group, was chosen as the leader of our group. We were four members in the teams diverse both in gender, race and culture. I realized that this could possibly present a problem as noted by Cox (1991:57) concerning diverse teams, but this was proved wrong as different members though uneasy at first, brought in different thoughts and perspectives into the group discussions and the search for a solution as shown by Kravitz ( 2011). I got to understand that a team would not be able to get focused direction without a leader who fosters the team towards bonding, familiarity and working together rather than individually (Chieh-Wen, Yi-Fang, & Ming-Chia, 2010:1299). Notably at first we had to develop rules on how the team would work out, the various expectation of the team and how we need to behave to accomplish various tasks and accountability. Though initially I felt I did not own the group or understand exactly what we need to and how we need to do it, after laying out the rules and interacting for while and after realizing that my team members were as anxious as I was, I became more comfortable and gained trust in the group. This is certainly a reflection of one of Hackman’s (2002:54) that a team needs to have a strong direction and focus in its direction and needs to develop a structure upon which tasks are assigned. This is clearly noted in the manner with which various tasks are roles were assi gned in the team. One of the most unique lessons that I gained were from the survival activity. Not only was I able to see my team develop its own unique character, but me and my teams became as one dependant on each other and highly seeking to accomplish the same thing. Different team members tended to have different characters. While two were action oriented, one was more of realist while I was a planner engrossed on details (Chieh-Wen, Yi-Fang, & Ming-Chia, 2010:1302). At first I thought it incredulous but fun that we had to take animal names for our group and had to develop a survival strategy for our species to survive in a constraint environment. As we continued with our survival strategy I thought, aha, this is not about just some other random assignment, but was rather a deeper look into team building, what makes teams act in togetherness, have the same goal, same zeal and work together proactively to attain what is good for all in the group (Cook, 2009:124; De Jong, & Elfri ng, 2010:540). This is highly reminiscent of the social exchange theory which looks at how different people in a team exchange resources in manner that created utility for our group and enabled us to be able be able to brainstorm and come up with effective survival tactics for the lion in the jungle (Flynn, 2005:743). It also made me think of Freud’s group behavior model where he notes that people often have a herd instinct which potentially

14 Years Old and Pregnant Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

14 Years Old and Pregnant - Article Example I know I’m young blah blah blah. Don’t criticize me!! I’m old enough to know I can take care of a baby, I’ve been a babysitter for three years. And how long should I wait to take a pregnancy test Please Help!!!! –Worried Two years later and the worried young girl chose to go through pregnancy and childbirth and is now the mother of a healthy baby boy. She’s just about to turn 17, a time when most girls are worried about graduation pictures and college campus tours. How have many other teenage girls through this life-changing event of having children at such a young age? The Guttmacher Institute in New York, NY reports that in 2001 alone there were more than 782,000 pregnancies among 15-19-year-olds in the United States. Girls age 14 and younger accounted for an additional 18,280 pregnancies. Maryland ranks 13th among all fifty states, indicating there is much work to be done to reduce the teen pregnancy rates in Maryland. The consequences of a teen choosing to keep her baby are far-ranging for both the girl and her child. Teen girls are highly likely to be unmarried when they give birth, and they experience great difficulties securing stable relationships in future years, according to Mary Bissell of the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada. Teen mothers also tend to remain disadvantaged financially, which affects the child’s health and well-being from birth to adulthood, Bissell adds. Several studies have shown that teen mothers are more likely to live in poverty and to lack health benefits than their same-age counterparts who are not mothers. The consequences of not finishing high school or not attending college affect the girl and her baby, too; the teen mother can expect lower wages throughout her life, and her child has a reduced chance of obtaining an advanced education, states Bissell.

A Personal Motivation Statement

A Personal Motivation Statement I have graduated from Bahir Dar University on July6 /2007. It is evident that my pre-university academic background had been outstanding on the average. My High school and Preparatory school certificates and Higher Education Entrance Examination Leaving are tangible testimony to this fact; where I managed to score 369 out of 500 which was the first grade from social science students at Preparatory School to join university. Joining the university, I could manage to maintain an excellent academic performance and graduated with Great Distinction (CGPA of 3.91 out of 4.00) in Bachelor of Arts from Bahir Dar University. It was the second best grade among Business and Economics Faculty graduates of the University in the year 2007. Currently I am working as an Assistant Graduate I in the Department of Economics, University of Gondar. Hence I have various academic responsibilities ranging from lecturing at class to advising research papers. I am giving different courses including Quantitative methods for Economists, Econometrics, Development Economics I and Micro Economics I for a total of 600 students in different batches and programs. In addition i am trying to publish different economic articles on Development Economics in the universitys quarterly magazine. In addition I am trying to undertake Research with PhDs at our department. Though I have keen interest in Economics and other developmental studies of social Science I am fond of the beauty of Maths. During my undergraduate studentship, I had keen interest in statistics, mathematics and calculus, my undergraduate scores for six successive semesters are excellent verification (Do not hesitate to go through my academic transcript!). In addition I have applied econometric models for my senior essay entitled Does foreign Aid Work in the Ethiopian Economy? .This had opened a door for me to see the application of quantitative and econometric knowledge on solving different social problems through research. It was with these in mind that I concentrated on applying for your Master Program in QEM. Apart from my academic life, I have been involved in the following different community services since High school. I have served my University as a Project designer and Implementer of one of its Movements, Anti-HIV/AIDS Movement. Besides I was also the founding member and the first President of Bahir Dar University Economics Students Association (ECOSA). Similarly, i have been an active participant and facilitator in different trainings and Workshops in different towns of Ethiopia. I have given Life Skills Training for about 500 University Students during my stay at Bahir Dar University. I have also given this training for about 300 out-of-school Youths in Amhara region of Ethiopia. In addition, I have taken different long term courses including Youth Life at the Cross Roads for Ten Months, Management and Leadership training for 2 Months and other short term trainings on Counseling ,Club Management, Peer Education, Reproductive Health, Family Life Education, Gender, Family Planning, Economic Relevance of Nile River, Globalization, Federalism and Democracy in Ethiopia, Theology Courses Etc If I happen to get the opportunity to major in Models and Methods of Quantitative Economics (QEM) Contributing to the science, and Knowledge of my students will be my ultimate career goal. Besides I will continue Lecturing at my Present employee, University of Gondar. I will try to help my students and my country in a way that is influential in bringing some tangible changes at the university and country level as i will use my social, communication and interpersonal skills when i came back home from the study. I wish to work my postgraduate degree as soon as possible and i want to contribute my best to my country and to the developing world as a whole as we (citizens of developing countries) are responsible to bring our countries from the bottom and contribute our best for the betterment of our World. Thank you in advance for your time and consideration. Sincerely yours, A. Motivation statement. Explain your application, your present situation, your interest in the field, in the degree and in the institutions of the consortium, your intentions after this degree, (1-2 pages) B. Preferred mobility track. This essentially concerns the choice of the institution of the second year. Students may propose a ranking of their choices between the institutions and it is very important to precise whether this is a definitive choice or simply a wish. In the latter case, the Committee will take into consideration the wishes of the students starting with those who have the highest acceptance ranking. (1 page) C. Financial aid. Students should precise if they apply for a scholarship (Erasmus Mundus, Asian Window Erasmus Mundus, Consortium (especially for European students) and if their application is conditional to the acceptation of a scholarship. (1 page) Personal Letter A. Motivation Statement I am very happy to be one of your candidates and to write this personal statement to the best of my knowledge and ability. My name is Tadesse Mulat. I have graduated from Bahir Dar University on July6 /2007. It is evident that my pre-university academic background had been outstanding on the average. My High school and Preparatory school certificates and Higher Education Entrance Examination Leaving Certificates are tangible testimony to this fact; where I managed to score 369 out of 500 which was the first grade from social science students at Preparatory School to join university. Joining the university, I could manage to maintain an excellent academic performance and graduated with Great Distinction (CGPA of 3.91 out of 4.00) in Economics (B.A) from Bahir Dar University. It was the second best grade among Business and Economics Faculty graduates of the University in the year 2007. Since September 2007, I am working as an Assistant Graduate I in the Department of Economics, University of Gondar. Hence I have various academic responsibilities ranging from lecturing at class to advising research papers. I am giving different Economics courses especially Development Economics I and II for a total of 600 students in different batches and programs. In addition i am trying to publish different economic articles on Development Economics in the universitys quarterly magazine. In addition I am trying to undertake Research with PhDs at our department. Though I have keen interest in Economics, I am fond of the beauty of developmental studies.In addition I have applied econometric models for my senior essay entitled Does foreign Aid Work in the Ethiopian Economy? It was with these in mind that I concentrated on applying for your Master Program in Development Studies.. Apart from my academic life, I have been involved in the different community services since High school. I have served my University as a Project designer and Implementer of one of its Movements, Anti-HIV/AIDS Movement. Besides I was also the founding member and the first President of Bahir Dar University Economics Students Association (ECOSA). Similarly, i have been an active participant and facilitator in different trainings and Workshops in different towns of Ethiopia. I have given different trainings for about 500 University Students during my stay at Bahir Dar University on issues concerning Reproductive Health,Gender ,Sexuality,Club Management,etc. If I happen to get the opportunity to major in Development Studies Contributing to the science and Knowledge of my students will be my ultimate career goal. Besides I will continue Lecturing and Conducting researches on Development Economics at my Present employee, University of Gondar. I will try to help my students and my country in a way that is influential in bringing some tangible changes at the university and country level as i will use my social, communication and interpersonal skills when i came back home from the study. I wish to work my postgraduate degree as soon as possible and i want to contribute my best to my country and to the developing world as a whole as we (citizens of developing countries) are responsible to bring our countries from the bottom and contribute our best for the betterment of our World. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely yours, B. Preferred Mobility Track My choice of institution for the second year is as follows: University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, France Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain University of Bielefeld, Germany Ca Foscari University of Venice, Italy Yet it is not a definitive choice as I can attend my second year study in any University. C. Financial Aid I will apply for Erasmus Mundus Scholarship for this program. I dont have any financial ability to pursue my Master in QEM. But my application is not conditional to the acceptation of the Scholarship as I will search for other Scholarships after I get our admission.